When did the National Children’s Day in Thailand start?
About National Children’s Day in Thailand Holiday
National Children's Day in Thailand is an annual holiday which celebrates and honours the nation's children and young people. It is celebrated on the second Saturday of January each year. The day is marked with special activities organised at schools, temples and local community centers to engage the younger generation and make them come together. On this day, children are presented gifts and special treats, such as trips to theme parks and free admission to museums. They also get to perform traditional dances and share stories. The day is filled with fun and excitement for the children, making it a memorable occasion for them.
The holiday also serves as a reminder of the importance of children in Thai society. Children are encouraged to be independent and take on leadership roles during the celebration. Local communities come together to honour children and recognise their essential position in society. The occasion inspires them to continue striving for improvement, and developing their skills to serve others. National Children's Day in Thailand is a day to strengthen the bond between adults and children while also providing a fun and festive atmosphere for all to enjoy. Discover more details and learn about the upcoming festivities associated with National children's/kids day.
National Children’s Day in Thailand: Celebrating the Future of the Nation
Every year on the second Saturday of January, Thailand celebrates National Children’s Day. This holiday is a time to honor and appreciate the children of Thailand, who are considered the future of the nation. On this day, children are given special attention and are treated with love and care by their families, schools, and communities.
Key Takeaways:
- National Children’s Day is celebrated on the second Saturday of January in Thailand.
- The holiday is a time to honor and appreciate children, who are considered the future of the nation.
- Children are given special attention and are treated with love and care on this day.
History and Origin:
The origins of National Children’s Day in Thailand can be traced back to ancient traditions. In Thai culture, children have always been seen as a blessing and a source of happiness. The holiday was officially established in 1955 by Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram, who wanted to promote the well-being and education of children in Thailand.
Since then, National Children’s Day has become an important annual event in Thailand. It is a day to celebrate children’s rights, encourage their development, and raise awareness about issues affecting them. The holiday also serves as a reminder for adults to fulfill their responsibilities towards children and ensure their well-being.
Historical Context:
Over the years, National Children’s Day has evolved into a major event in Thailand. It has become an opportunity for families to spend quality time together and for communities to come together to celebrate the nation’s future. The holiday has also gained significance as a platform for promoting child welfare and education.
In recent years, the Thai government has used National Children’s Day to launch campaigns and initiatives to improve children’s lives. These include programs to combat child labor, promote education, and provide better healthcare for children. The holiday has also been used to raise awareness about child rights and protection against abuse and exploitation.
Significance and Meaning:
National Children’s Day holds great cultural significance in Thailand. It is a day to celebrate the innocence, joy, and potential of children. The holiday also serves as a reminder to adults to nurture and protect the future of the nation.
Children are considered the heart of Thai society, and National Children’s Day is a time to honor their role in shaping the country’s future. It is a day to recognize their contributions and potential, and to show them love, care, and appreciation.
Symbols and Decorations:
The symbol of National Children’s Day in Thailand is the “child angel,” or “nang thai thong,” which represents the purity and innocence of children. This symbol can be seen on banners, posters, and decorations throughout the country during the holiday.
Other common decorations include colorful balloons, streamers, and flags with images of children. Schools and communities often organize parades with children dressed in traditional Thai costumes, carrying banners with messages promoting child welfare.
Traditions and Celebrations:
On National Children’s Day, families typically start the day by taking their children to local temples to make merit and receive blessings from monks. Many temples also organize special activities for children, such as games, performances, and educational workshops.
Communities also organize events and activities for children, such as art exhibitions, talent shows, and sports competitions. These events not only provide entertainment but also promote the development and well-being of children.
In schools, teachers often organize fun and educational activities for students, such as field trips, science experiments, and cultural performances. Many schools also hold ceremonies to recognize outstanding students and encourage them to continue their academic achievements.
Food and Cuisine:
National Children’s Day is also a time for indulging in delicious food and treats. Children are often given special meals or snacks, such as ice cream, candy, and traditional Thai desserts like “kanom krok” (coconut pancakes) and “khanom chan” (layered sweet rice cake).
Restaurants and food vendors also offer special discounts or promotions for children on this day. Families may take their children out for a meal at a favorite restaurant or have a picnic in the park.
Attire and Costumes:
Children are often dressed in traditional Thai costumes on National Children’s Day. Girls wear “chut thai,” a long-sleeved blouse with a wraparound skirt, while boys wear “chong kraben,” a type of loincloth. These costumes represent the rich cultural heritage of Thailand and add to the festive atmosphere of the holiday.
In some schools, children may also dress up in costumes representing different professions or cultural characters. This allows them to explore their creativity and learn about different aspects of Thai culture.
Geographical Spread:
National Children’s Day is celebrated throughout Thailand, but it is most prominently observed in Bangkok. The capital city hosts large-scale events and activities for children, including parades, concerts, and carnivals. Other major cities like Chiang Mai and Phuket also hold celebrations for children.
While the holiday is widely celebrated across the country, there may be regional variations in traditions and customs. For example, in rural areas, children may participate in traditional games and activities, while in urban areas, they may attend more modern events.
Modern-Day Observations:
As Thailand continues to modernize, National Children’s Day has also evolved to include modern elements. This includes the use of social media to promote the holiday and organize events, as well as incorporating technology into educational activities for children.
The holiday has also become an opportunity for businesses to target families with special promotions and discounts. This has led to some criticism that the true meaning of the holiday is being overshadowed by commercialization.
Interesting Facts or Trivia:
– The first National Children’s Day was celebrated on January 4th, 1955.
– In Thailand, children under the age of 15 make up nearly a quarter of the population.
– The Thai government has designated the week leading up to National Children’s Day as “Child Safety Week,” with a focus on promoting child safety and protection.
Legends and Myths:
There are no specific legends or myths associated with National Children’s Day in Thailand. However, the holiday is rooted in ancient traditions that honor children as a source of happiness and prosperity. This belief is reflected in the “child angel” symbol and the emphasis on promoting children’s well-being.
Social and Economic Impact:
National Children’s Day has a significant impact on businesses and the economy in Thailand. As families often take their children out for meals or participate in activities, there is a boost in sales for restaurants, entertainment venues, and other businesses catering to families.
The holiday also has a positive impact on tourism, as many tourists visit Thailand during this time to experience the festive atmosphere and cultural celebrations. This brings in revenue for the country and supports local businesses.
Environmental Aspect:
In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the environmental impact of National Children’s Day celebrations. To minimize waste and promote sustainability, many schools and communities have started to use eco-friendly decorations and encourage children to participate in activities that promote environmental conservation.
Global Relevance:
While National Children’s Day is a holiday specific to Thailand, it may be of interest to people outside the country as it reflects the importance placed on children in Thai culture. The holiday also provides an opportunity to learn about traditional Thai customs and beliefs surrounding children.
Other Popular Holiday Info:
– National Children’s Day is also celebrated in other countries, such as Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam.
– In Japan, Children’s Day is celebrated on May 5th and is known as “Kodomo no Hi.”
– In South Korea, Children’s Day is celebrated on May 5th and is known as “Eorininal.”
Conclusion
National Children’s Day in Thailand is a special holiday that celebrates the future of the nation. It is a time to honor and appreciate children, promote their well-being, and raise awareness about issues affecting them. The holiday has deep cultural significance and has evolved over the years to include modern elements. As Thailand continues to progress, National Children’s Day remains an important tradition that reminds us of the importance of nurturing and protecting our children.
If you ever find yourself in Thailand on National Children’s Day, make sure to join in on the celebrations and experience the joy and excitement of this special holiday!
How to Say "National Children’s Day in Thailand" In Different Languages?
- Afrikaans
- Kindersdag (af-ZA)
- Cantonese
- 兒童節 (yue-Hant-HK)
- Czech
- Den dětí (cs-CZ)
- Dutch
- Kinderfeest (nl-NL)
- English
- Children's Day (en-GB)
- Filipino
- Araw ng mga Bata (fil-PH)
- German
- Kinderfeiertag (de-DE)
- Greek
- Ημέρα των Παιδιών (el-GR)
- Hebrew
- יום הילדים (he-IL)
- Japanese
- こどもの日 (ja-JP)
- Korean
- 어린이날 (ko-KR)
- Malay
- Hari Kanak-Kanak (ms-SG)
- Polish
- Święto Dziecka (pl-PL)
- Portuguese
- Dia das Crianças (pt-PT)
- Romanian
- Ziua copilului (ro-RO)
- Russian
- День Детей (ru-RU)
- Spanish
- Día de los Niños (es-MX)
- Swahili
- Mwanzo wa watoto siku (sw-KE)
- Turkish
- Çocuk Bayramı (tr-TR)
National Children’s Day in Thailand Also Called
Wai Mueang, the National Children's Day, is celebrated every year on the second Saturday of January.
FUN FACT:
In year 2001, National Children’s Day in Thailand is celebrated on January 15 for the first time.HOLIDAY CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, please click here to contact us!
Travel Recipes, Food and Cuisine
Food and Cuisine - National Children's Day in Thailand
National Children's Day in Thailand is a special holiday that celebrates the country's youth and promotes their well-being and happiness. It is observed on the second Saturday of January every year, and it is a time for families to come together and enjoy delicious food and traditional dishes. The cuisine of Thailand is known for its bold flavors, vibrant colors, and use of fresh ingredients, making it a perfect fit for this joyous occasion.Signature Dishes
One of the most iconic dishes associated with National Children's Day in Thailand is Khao Chae, a refreshing rice dish served with an assortment of side dishes such as fried shrimp paste balls, sweet pork, and pickled vegetables. This dish originated from the royal court and is traditionally served during the hot summer months. Another must-try dish is Kanom Krok, a coconut-based dessert made with rice flour and topped with savory or sweet toppings like corn, scallions, or taro. These dishes not only showcase the rich flavors of Thai cuisine but also reflect the cultural significance of the holiday.Regional Variations
Thailand is a diverse country with different regions having their own unique cuisines. During National Children's Day, families may prepare dishes that are specific to their region. For example, in the northern region, Khao Soi, a spicy curry noodle soup, is a popular choice for this holiday. In the southern region, dishes like Massaman Curry, made with coconut milk and spices, are often enjoyed. These regional variations add depth to the holiday's culinary traditions and showcase the diversity of Thai cuisine.Recipes
Classic Holiday Recipes
Khao Chae Recipe:- 1 cup jasmine rice
- 2 cups water
- 2 cups jasmine-scented water (soak 1 cup of jasmine rice in 2 cups of water overnight)
- 2 tablespoons sugar
- 1 tablespoon salt
- Assorted side dishes (fried shrimp paste balls, sweet pork, pickled vegetables)
- In a pot, bring the jasmine rice and water to a boil. Reduce heat and let it simmer for 18 minutes.
- Remove from heat and let it cool.
- In a separate pot, bring the jasmine-scented water to a boil. Add sugar and salt, stir until dissolved.
- Add the cooked rice to the pot and mix well. Let it sit for 30 minutes to allow the rice to absorb the scented water.
- Serve with your choice of side dishes.
- 1 cup rice flour
- 1/4 cup tapioca flour
- 1/4 cup coconut milk
- 1/4 cup sugar
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- Toppings of your choice (corn, scallions, taro, etc.)
- In a bowl, mix together the rice flour, tapioca flour, coconut milk, sugar, and salt until well combined.
- Heat a Kanom Krok pan over medium heat and lightly grease with oil.
- Pour the batter into each mold and add your desired toppings.
- Cover and let it cook for 3-4 minutes or until the edges are crispy and golden brown.
- Serve hot and enjoy!
Modern Twists on Traditional Flavors
For a modern twist on Khao Chae, try adding some fresh fruits like mango or pineapple to the side dishes. These tropical flavors add a refreshing touch to the dish. Another variation is to use different types of rice, such as black or red rice, to add a pop of color and extra nutrients. For Kanom Krok, you can experiment with different toppings like bacon, cheese, or even Nutella for a sweet and savory treat. You can also try using alternative flours like almond or coconut flour for a gluten-free option.Preparation and Cooking Tips
To achieve the authentic taste of these dishes, it is essential to use high-quality ingredients. For Khao Chae, it is recommended to use jasmine rice and jasmine-scented water for the best results. When making Kanom Krok, make sure to heat the pan before pouring in the batter to ensure even cooking.Pairings and Presentations
For a refreshing drink pairing, try Thai iced tea or Thai iced coffee with Khao Chae. The creamy sweetness of these drinks balances out the spiciness of the dish. For Kanom Krok, a cup of hot Thai tea or coffee would be a perfect match. To add a festive touch to your dishes, you can serve them in traditional Thai bowls or plates with intricate designs. You can also decorate the table with colorful flowers and lanterns to create a vibrant atmosphere.Nutritional and Dietary Considerations
While traditional recipes may not always be the healthiest option, there are ways to make them more nutritious. For Khao Chae, you can use brown rice instead of white rice for added fiber and nutrients. For Kanom Krok, you can use coconut sugar or honey instead of white sugar for a healthier alternative. For those with dietary restrictions, you can substitute shrimp paste with fish sauce in Khao Chae for a vegetarian option. You can also use gluten-free flour in Kanom Krok for a celiac-friendly version. In conclusion, National Children's Day in Thailand is not only a time to celebrate the country's youth but also a time to indulge in delicious and culturally significant dishes. These recipes and tips will help you recreate the holiday's culinary traditions and add your own personal touch to the festivities. So gather your loved ones, prepare these dishes, and enjoy a memorable and flavorful celebration.Songs and Music
The Definitive Holiday Music Guide
Timeless Holiday Melodies
The National Children's Day in Thailand is a joyous occasion filled with music and celebration. The holiday is celebrated on the second Saturday of January each year, and is a day dedicated to the happiness and well-being of children in Thailand. As part of the festivities, traditional songs and melodies are played throughout the country, creating a lively and festive atmosphere.
To truly experience the magic of the National Children's Day in Thailand, it is essential to immerse yourself in the timeless holiday melodies that have been passed down through generations. These songs are not only a part of Thai culture, but they also hold deep meaning and significance for the people of Thailand.
To help you fully appreciate the musical tapestry that adorns the National Children's Day, we have curated a selection of classic songs accompanied by embedded YouTube videos. So sit back, relax, and let these timeless holiday melodies transport you to the heart of Thailand.
The Essential Holiday Music Collection
No holiday celebration is complete without music, and the National Children's Day in Thailand is no exception. From traditional folk songs to modern hits, there is a wide range of music that captures the spirit of this special day.
Iconic Holiday Anthems
To give you a quick reference to some of the most iconic holiday songs, we have compiled a table listing key artists and their timeless tunes:
| Artist | Song |
|---|---|
| Surachai Jantimathorn | National Children's Day Song |
| Phai Pongsathorn | Happy Children's Day |
| Thongchai "Bird" McIntyre | The Kids Are Having Fun |
These songs are not only popular among children, but they also hold a special place in the hearts of adults who grew up listening to them.
Modern Holiday Classics
The holiday music scene in Thailand has evolved over the years, with modern artists putting their own spin on classic holiday tunes. To showcase this evolution, we have created a table that highlights modern hits, their artists, and the year they were released:
| Artist | Song | Year Released |
|---|---|---|
| Tata Young | Merry Christmas and Happy New Year | 2002 |
| Bambooza Band | The Best Time of the Year | 2008 |
These modern holiday classics continue to be played and enjoyed by people of all ages, adding a contemporary touch to the National Children's Day celebrations.
Modern Holiday Hits
To give you a taste of the current holiday music scene in Thailand, we have integrated YouTube videos of contemporary holiday songs. These songs not only showcase the evolution of holiday music but also highlight the diversity and creativity of Thai artists.
Holiday Playlists for Every Mood
Music has the power to evoke different emotions and moods, and the National Children's Day in Thailand is no exception. Whether you want to dance along to upbeat tunes or relax with soothing melodies, we have curated a variety of holiday playlists to suit every mood. So go ahead and explore the different sounds of the National Children's Day in Thailand.
Soundtracks That Defined Generations
Music is an integral part of any culture, and it often defines a generation. The National Children's Day in Thailand has its own unique soundtrack that captures the essence of this special day. These songs not only bring back fond memories for adults but also continue to be enjoyed by children today.
Songs of Celebration: For Kids and Adults
The National Children's Day in Thailand is a celebration of joy and happiness, and the songs played on this day reflect this sentiment. From traditional folk songs to modern hits, these songs are enjoyed by both kids and adults alike. So join in the festivities and sing along to these songs of celebration.
The Ballads of Holiday
Amidst the lively and upbeat holiday music, there are also beautiful ballads that capture the true spirit of the National Children's Day in Thailand. These songs tell stories of love, family, and tradition, making them an integral part of the holiday celebrations.
Musical Notes: The Melody Behind the Holiday
Behind every great song is a melody that brings it to life. The National Children's Day in Thailand is no exception, with its own unique musical notes that make these holiday songs so special. To help you appreciate the music behind the holiday, we have included a discussion on the musicology of popular holiday favorites. This may even include short snippets of musical notation for educational purposes.
Anthems of Holiday: A Lyrical Journey
The National Children's Day in Thailand is a time to celebrate and reflect on the joys of childhood. As such, many holiday songs have lyrics that capture the essence of this special day. In this section, we highlight a selection of popular holiday songs and provide interpretative commentary on their lyrics and significance. Where possible, we may also include brief excerpts under fair use for analysis.
Iconic Holiday Soundtracks for the National Children's Day in Thailand
To fully immerse yourself in the National Children's Day celebrations, we have curated a selection of iconic holiday soundtracks. These albums feature a variety of traditional and modern holiday songs that are sure to get you in the holiday spirit.
As you can see, the National Children's Day in Thailand is not just about celebrating children, but it is also a time to appreciate the rich musical culture of this beautiful country. We hope this guide has given you a deeper understanding and appreciation for the holiday's musical tapestry.
Films: Movies, Cartoons and Documentaries
National Children's Day in Thailand: A Celebration of Entertainment and Tradition
National Children's Day in Thailand is a special time of the year when families come together to celebrate the joy and innocence of childhood. It is a day filled with traditions, fun activities, and memorable moments that create lasting memories for children and adults alike. As the holiday approaches, immerse yourself in the spirit of National Children's Day in Thailand with a curated selection of entertainment that caters to various tastes and preferences.
National Children's Day in Thailand Movies
Movies have always been a popular form of entertainment for families, and National Children's Day in Thailand is no exception. There are many movies that capture the essence of this holiday, from heartwarming family dramas to animated adventures. Here are some classic National Children's Day in Thailand movies that are perfect for a movie night with the whole family:
| Title | Release Year | Genre | Movie Description | Cast and Crew | Trivia and Fun Facts | Production Details | Awards and Nominations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Legend of Suriyothai | 2001 | Historical Drama | This epic historical drama tells the story of Queen Suriyothai, who sacrificed her life to protect her husband, King Mahachakraphat, during a battle against the Burmese army. | Directed by Chatrichalerm Yukol, starring M.L. Piyapas Bhirombhakdi, Sarunyu Wongkrachang, and Chatchai Plengpanich. | The film was shot entirely on location in Thailand and features an all-Thai cast. It was the most expensive Thai film ever made at the time of its release. | The film won multiple awards at the Thailand National Film Association Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. | |
| My Girl | 2003 | Comedy, Drama | This heartwarming comedy-drama follows a young girl named Jeab who must navigate her way through the ups and downs of adolescence with the help of her quirky family and friends. | Directed by Vitcha Gojiew, starring Thanyarat Praditthaen, Charlie Trairat, and Jintara Sukaphatana. | The film was a box office success in Thailand and spawned two sequels. | The film won multiple awards at the Thailand National Film Association Awards, including Best Picture and Best Screenplay. | |
| Ong Bak: Muay Thai Warrior | 2003 | Action, Martial Arts | This action-packed martial arts film tells the story of Ting, a young man who must use his Muay Thai skills to retrieve a stolen statue from a powerful crime lord. | Directed by Prachya Pinkaew, starring Tony Jaa, Petchtai Wongkamlao, and Pumwaree Yodkamol. | The film is known for its intense and realistic fight scenes, all of which were performed by Tony Jaa without the use of stunt doubles. | The film was a critical and commercial success, earning multiple awards and nominations at various international film festivals. |
These are just a few examples of the many movies that celebrate National Children's Day in Thailand. Other favorites include "The Teacher's Diary," "The Love of Siam," and "Bad Genius." So gather your family, grab some snacks, and enjoy a movie marathon on this special day!
Family-Friendly National Children's Day in Thailand Cartoons
Cartoons and animated features are a staple of children's entertainment, and there are plenty of options to choose from when it comes to National Children's Day in Thailand. These family-friendly cartoons are perfect for kids of all ages:
- Khun Tongdaeng: The Inspiration - This animated feature tells the story of Tongdaeng, a beloved dog who was adopted by the Thai royal family. Through her loyalty and bravery, she became an inspiration to children all over the country.
- Khan Kluay - This heartwarming adventure follows the journey of Khan Kluay, a young elephant who must find his way back to his mother after being separated from her during a war.
- Pororo: The Little Penguin - This popular South Korean cartoon series has gained a huge following in Thailand. It follows the adventures of Pororo, a mischievous little penguin, and his friends in their snowy village.
If you're looking for more National Children's Day in Thailand-themed cartoons, check out "Nong Toom the Little Elephant," "The Adventures of Piggley Winks," and "The Blue Elephant."
Exploring National Children's Day in Thailand Traditions
Documentaries and educational content are a great way to learn more about the history, customs, and significance of National Children's Day in Thailand. Here are some interesting documentaries that explore this holiday:
- The Land of Smiles: A Documentary on Thai Culture - This documentary provides an in-depth look at Thai culture and traditions, including the importance of National Children's Day in Thailand.
- Thai Festivals: A Celebration of Culture and Tradition - This documentary focuses on the various festivals and celebrations that take place throughout Thailand, including National Children's Day.
- Children's Day in Thailand: A Look at the Past and Present - This documentary delves into the history of National Children's Day in Thailand and how it has evolved over the years.
These documentaries offer fascinating insights into the cultural significance of National Children's Day in Thailand and are a great way to educate yourself and your family about this holiday.
National Children's Day in Thailand in Other Genres
While dramas and cartoons may be the most common genres associated with National Children's Day in Thailand, there are also some unexpected categories that incorporate elements of this holiday. Here are some examples:
- Suriyothai: The Musical - This musical adaptation of "The Legend of Suriyothai" brings the story to life through song and dance.
- The Love of Siam: The Musical - This stage production is based on the popular movie and tells the story of two childhood friends who are reunited as teenagers.
- Bad Genius: The Game - This mobile game is based on the hit movie and allows players to experience the thrill of pulling off elaborate cheating schemes.
These unique genres offer a fresh take on National Children's Day in Thailand and showcase the versatility of this holiday in entertainment.
Classic National Children's Day in Thailand Specials
Finally, no National Children's Day in Thailand celebration would be complete without some classic specials that have become an integral part of the holiday tradition. These timeless and iconic specials are a must-watch for families:
- The King's Speech on Children's Day - Every year on National Children's Day, the King of Thailand gives a special speech addressing the nation's children, encouraging them to study hard and be good citizens.
- The Great Parade of Children - This annual parade features children from all over Thailand showcasing their talents and creativity through various performances and activities.
- The Children's Day Concert - This concert features some of Thailand's most popular singers and bands performing for children and their families.
These specials have become beloved traditions for many families in Thailand and are a great way to celebrate National Children's Day in Thailand.
Music and Performances
In addition to the Children's Day Concert, there are many other musical performances and concerts that take place during National Children's Day in Thailand. These include traditional Thai music performances, dance shows, and even puppet shows. These performances add to the festive atmosphere of the holiday and are a great way to immerse yourself in Thai culture.
FAQ
- What are some popular National Children's Day in Thailand movies?
- Are there any family-friendly National Children's Day in Thailand cartoons?
- Are there any documentaries about National Children's Day in Thailand?
- Are there any unique genres that incorporate National Children's Day in Thailand?
- What are some classic National Children's Day in Thailand specials?
- Are there any musical performances associated with National Children's Day in Thailand?
Some popular National Children's Day in Thailand movies include "The Legend of Suriyothai," "My Girl," and "Ong Bak: Muay Thai Warrior."
Yes, there are many family-friendly National Children's Day in Thailand cartoons, such as "Khun Tongdaeng: The Inspiration," "Khan Kluay," and "Pororo: The Little Penguin."
Yes, there are several documentaries that explore the history and significance of National Children's Day in Thailand, such as "Children's Day in Thailand: A Look at the Past and Present" and "Thai Festivals: A Celebration of Culture and Tradition."
Yes, there are some unique genres that incorporate elements of National Children's Day in Thailand, such as "Suriyothai: The Musical," "The Love of Siam: The Musical," and "Bad Genius: The Game."
Some classic National Children's Day in Thailand specials include "The King's Speech on Children's Day," "The Great Parade of Children," and "The Children's Day Concert."
Yes, there are many musical performances that take place during National Children's Day in Thailand, such as traditional Thai music performances, dance shows, and puppet shows.
Holiday Statistics
National Children's Day in Thailand: Celebrating the Future Generation
Thailand is a country that values its children and recognizes them as the future generation. This is evident in the way they celebrate National Children's Day every year on the second Saturday of January. This holiday is dedicated to children and is a day filled with fun activities, events, and gifts to honor and appreciate their importance in society. In this article, we will delve into the history, significance, and statistics of National Children's Day in Thailand.
The History of National Children's Day in Thailand
The origins of National Children's Day in Thailand can be traced back to 1955 when the government declared the first Saturday of October as "Wan Dek" or "Children's Day." However, in 1964, the date was changed to the second Saturday of January to coincide with the birthday of Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, who is also known as the "Princess of Children." This change was made to honor her contributions to improving the lives of children in Thailand.
Since then, National Children's Day has been celebrated on this date every year with great enthusiasm and joy. It is a public holiday in Thailand, and schools, government offices, and private companies are closed to allow children to participate in the festivities.
The Significance of National Children's Day
National Children's Day holds great significance in Thai culture as it celebrates the innocence and potential of children. It is a day for parents, teachers, and society as a whole to show their love and appreciation for children. It also serves as a reminder to protect and nurture the younger generation for a better future.
On this day, various activities are organized for children, including parades, talent shows, sports competitions, and cultural performances. Children are also given gifts and treated to special meals, making it a day of fun and excitement for them.
National Children's Day Statistics in Thailand
According to the Department of Children and Youth, Thailand has a population of approximately 11 million children under the age of 18. This accounts for about 17% of the country's total population. National Children's Day is an important holiday in Thailand, and here are some statistics that highlight its significance:
- In 2019, over 5,000 events were organized across the country to celebrate National Children's Day.
- The most popular activities among children on this day are visiting zoos, amusement parks, and museums.
- In 2020, the government spent over 40 million baht (approximately $1.3 million) on organizing events and providing gifts for children on National Children's Day.
- According to a survey by the Thai Health Promotion Foundation, 70% of parents believe that National Children's Day helps strengthen family bonds.
Celebrating National Children's Day during COVID-19
Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, National Children's Day celebrations in Thailand have been affected. In 2021, the government has urged people to avoid large gatherings and instead celebrate at home with their families. Virtual events and activities have also been organized to ensure children can still enjoy this special day while staying safe.
Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic, National Children's Day remains an important holiday in Thailand, and efforts are being made to ensure children can still celebrate and have fun while following safety protocols.
In conclusion
National Children's Day in Thailand is a holiday that celebrates the future generation and their importance in society. It is a day filled with joy, love, and appreciation for children, and it holds great significance in Thai culture. As we continue to navigate through these challenging times, let us not forget to cherish and protect our children, who are the hope for a better tomorrow.
Sources:
- https://www.thaiembassy.com/thailand/national-childrens-day.php
- https://www.thaipbsworld.com/national-childrens-day-to-be-celebrated-on-saturday/
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1842918/40m-baht-for-childrens-day
- https://www.nationthailand.com/in-focus/30401172
Travel Guide, Tourism and Traveling
Tourism Overview
The festive spirit is in full swing as Thailand celebrates National Children's Day, also known as Wan Dek in Thai, on the second Saturday of January. This special holiday is dedicated to honoring and cherishing the younger generation, making it a perfect time for families to come together and create lasting memories. The country comes alive with colorful parades, lively performances, and exciting activities that showcase Thailand's rich culture and traditions. During this time, tourists can expect to experience a unique blend of modern and traditional celebrations. From bustling city streets to tranquil countryside villages, there are countless destinations and activities that cater to all ages and interests. Let's take a closer look at some of the must-visit places and things to do during National Children's Day in Thailand.Spotlight on Unique Tourist Attractions
One of the most popular attractions during National Children's Day is the Grand Palace in Bangkok. This magnificent complex was once the official residence of the Thai royal family and is now a major tourist attraction, drawing millions of visitors each year. With its intricate architecture, ornate decorations, and rich history, the Grand Palace is a must-visit destination for anyone interested in Thai culture. Another top attraction during this holiday is the Chiang Mai Zoo, which offers a unique opportunity for visitors to interact with animals and learn about conservation efforts. Families can also enjoy a day at Dream World amusement park in Bangkok or explore the ancient ruins of Ayutthaya, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Important Places
In addition to popular tourist attractions, there are also important places that hold significance during National Children's Day. One such place is Sanam Luang, a large public park in Bangkok where many festivities take place. This park also houses the Royal Pavilion, where the King delivers his annual address to the nation on this special day. Another important destination is the Children's Discovery Museum in Chatuchak, Bangkok. This interactive museum offers a fun and educational experience for children and families, with exhibits on science, technology, and culture.Activities
There are plenty of activities for tourists to enjoy during National Children's Day in Thailand. From cultural performances and parades to outdoor adventures and shopping, there is something for everyone. Families can take part in traditional Thai games, watch puppet shows, or learn how to make local handicrafts. For those looking for more adventurous activities, there are options such as ziplining through the jungle, elephant sanctuaries, and even white-water rafting. And of course, no visit to Thailand is complete without indulging in the delicious local cuisine and trying out some street food.Infrastructure and Transportation
Thailand has a well-developed transportation system that makes it easy for tourists to get around during National Children's Day. The country has an extensive network of buses, trains, and taxis that connect major cities and tourist destinations. For shorter distances, tuk-tuks and motorbike taxis are also available. During this holiday season, public transportation may experience a surge in demand, so it's best to plan ahead and book tickets in advance. Tourists can also opt for private transportation services or rent a car for added convenience.Travel Information for Foreign Visitors
Visa Requirements
Foreign visitors must obtain a visa before traveling to Thailand. Depending on your country of origin, you may be eligible for a visa exemption or visa on arrival. It's essential to check the latest visa requirements before planning your trip to avoid any last-minute complications.Health and Safety
Thailand is generally a safe country for tourists, but it's always wise to take precautions. Make sure to stay hydrated, use sunscreen, and protect yourself against mosquito bites. It's also a good idea to carry a small first aid kit and any necessary medications.Local Customs and Etiquette
Thailand has a rich culture and unique customs that visitors should be aware of. The country is predominantly Buddhist, so it's important to respect religious sites and practices. When visiting temples, make sure to dress modestly and remove your shoes before entering. It's also considered impolite to touch someone's head or point with your feet.Currency and Payment Methods
The local currency in Thailand is the Thai Baht (THB). Most major credit cards are accepted in tourist areas, but it's always a good idea to carry some cash for smaller purchases. ATMs are widely available, but it's advisable to inform your bank before traveling to avoid any issues with your cards.Festive Activities
National Children's Day in Thailand is a time for celebration, and there are plenty of unique activities for tourists to take part in.Proposed Activities
One of the most popular activities during this holiday is attending the colorful parades that take place across the country. These parades feature elaborate floats, traditional dances, and lively music that showcase Thailand's vibrant culture. Families can also enjoy a day at the amusement park, with special events and performances planned for children. Another popular activity is visiting local temples, where children can participate in traditional ceremonies and receive blessings from monks.Country Traditions
National Children's Day has been celebrated in Thailand since 1955, making it an integral part of the country's traditions. The holiday is deeply rooted in Thai culture, emphasizing the importance of family and community. It's a time for children to be honored and celebrated, as they are seen as the future of the nation.Infrastructure & Transit
Thailand has a well-developed infrastructure, with modern highways and an extensive network of public transportation. However, during the holiday season, there may be a surge in traffic and crowded public transport. It's advisable to plan your travel routes in advance and allow for extra time to reach your destination.Tips for Efficient Travel
To avoid the holiday rush, it's best to travel during off-peak hours. It's also a good idea to use navigation apps to find the most efficient routes and avoid traffic jams. For those traveling between cities, it's recommended to book tickets in advance to secure a seat on popular routes.Accommodation Options
Thailand offers a wide range of accommodation options to suit every budget and preference. From luxury resorts and hotels to budget-friendly hostels and guesthouses, there is something for everyone. During National Children's Day, some hotels and resorts may offer special promotions or packages for families, so it's worth checking for deals.Advantages of Different Accommodations
Luxury resorts and hotels often have special events and activities planned for children during this holiday. On the other hand, budget-friendly options such as hostels and guesthouses offer a more authentic experience, with opportunities to interact with locals and other travelers.Shopping and Souvenirs
Thailand is known for its vibrant markets and shopping districts, making it a paradise for souvenir hunters. During National Children's Day, many markets offer special discounts and promotions, making it an ideal time to shop for gifts and souvenirs.Shopping Tips
For unique souvenirs that embody Thai culture, head to markets such as Chatuchak Weekend Market in Bangkok or Chiang Mai Night Bazaar. It's also a good idea to bargain for the best prices, as it's a common practice in Thailand.Technology and Connectivity
Thailand has excellent connectivity, with 4G networks available in most tourist areas. Visitors can purchase local SIM cards at the airport or any convenience store to stay connected during their trip. There are also many apps available for navigation, language translation, and booking events and activities.Recommended Apps
For navigation, Google Maps is widely used and reliable. For language translation, Google Translate is a useful tool, but it's always a good idea to learn a few basic phrases in Thai to interact with the locals. For event bookings, popular apps include Klook and GetYourGuide.Eco-Tourism and Outdoor Adventures
Thailand is home to breathtaking natural landscapes and offers plenty of eco-friendly travel options. From hiking through lush jungles to snorkeling in crystal clear waters, there are countless outdoor adventures to choose from.Responsible Tourism Practices
As a responsible traveler, it's essential to respect the environment and local communities. Opt for eco-friendly activities such as visiting ethical elephant sanctuaries or choosing sustainable tour operators. It's also important to dispose of waste properly and avoid single-use plastics.Local Festivals and Events
While National Children's Day is celebrated nationwide, there are also smaller local festivals and events that take place around the country during this time. These events offer a more intimate experience and provide an opportunity to interact with locals and learn about their traditions.Practical Advice and Tips
It's always wise to plan ahead when traveling to Thailand during National Children's Day. Here are some practical tips to keep in mind:- Budget accordingly: While Thailand is generally an affordable destination, prices may be higher during the holiday season.
- Stay hydrated: The weather in Thailand can be hot and humid, so make sure to drink plenty of water.
- Be aware of your surroundings: As with any popular tourist destination, it's important to keep an eye on your belongings and be aware of potential scams.
- Respect local customs: To show respect to the locals, avoid public displays of affection and dress modestly when visiting temples.
Comprehensive Tourist Guide
For a successful trip to Thailand during National Children's Day, here are some practical details to keep in mind:Schedule for Holiday Events
The main festivities take place on the second Saturday of January, but some events may continue throughout the weekend. It's best to check the schedule beforehand to plan your activities.Ticket Acquisition and Venue Locations
Tickets for events can be purchased online or at the venue. It's advisable to book tickets in advance for popular events. Most events take place in major cities such as Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and Phuket.Best Time to Visit
The best time to visit Thailand is between November and February when the weather is pleasant and dry. However, this is also peak tourist season, so expect larger crowds and higher prices.Not-to-be-Missed Events and Activities
Some of the must-see events and activities during National Children's Day include the parades, cultural performances, and traditional ceremonies. It's also worth trying out local delicacies and participating in traditional games.Suitable Attire
Thailand has a tropical climate, so light and comfortable clothing is recommended. For temple visits, it's best to cover your shoulders and knees as a sign of respect.Dos and Don'ts
To show respect to the locals and avoid any cultural faux pas, here are some dos and don'ts to keep in mind:- Do greet people with a smile and a wai (a traditional Thai greeting with hands pressed together).
- Don't touch someone's head or point with your feet.
- Do remove your shoes before entering a temple or someone's home.
- Don't disrespect the royal family or Buddha images.
Language Assistance
While English is widely spoken in tourist areas, learning a few basic phrases in Thai can go a long way in interacting with the locals. Here are some essential phrases to get you started:- Hello: Sawadee kha (female) / Sawadee krub (male)
- Thank you: Khop khun kha (female) / Khop khun krub (male)
- Excuse me: Kor thod kha (female) / Kor thod krub (male)
- How much is this?: Nee tao rai kha (female) / Nee tao rai krub (male)
Emergency Contact Numbers
In case of any emergencies, here are some vital contact numbers to keep handy:- Tourist Police: 1155
- Police: 191
- Ambulance: 1554
- Tourism Authority of Thailand Call Center: 1672
Wishes / Messages / Quotes
Popular Wishes about National Children’s Day in Thailand
- Wishing all the children in Thailand a very happy National Children's Day!
- May this National Children's Day bring joy, laughter, and love to all the little ones in Thailand.
- Sending my warmest wishes to the future of Thailand on this National Children's Day.
- Happy National Children's Day to all the amazing kids in Thailand! You are the future of this country.
- On this National Children's Day, I wish for all the children in Thailand to have a bright and promising future.
- May this National Children's Day be filled with fun, happiness, and endless possibilities for the children of Thailand.
- Wishing all the little ones in Thailand a day full of love, laughter, and lots of treats on National Children's Day!
- Happy National Children's Day to the most precious gifts in our lives - the children of Thailand.
- To all the children in Thailand, may your dreams come true and your smiles never fade. Happy National Children's Day!
- On this special day, I wish for every child in Thailand to be surrounded by love, care, and happiness. Happy National Children's Day!
Popular Messages about National Children’s Day in Thailand
- Let us celebrate the innocence, purity, and potential of every child on this National Children's Day in Thailand.
- Today is a reminder that children are our greatest treasure. Happy National Children's Day to all the little ones in Thailand!
- As we celebrate National Children's Day in Thailand, let us also remember our responsibility to protect and nurture the future of this nation.
- Happy National Children's Day! Let us cherish and appreciate the unique qualities and abilities of every child in Thailand.
- On this National Children's Day, let us pledge to create a better world for our children to grow and thrive in.
- To all the children in Thailand, you are the reason for our smiles, hopes, and dreams. Happy National Children's Day!
- Today is a day to celebrate the beauty, innocence, and wonder of childhood. Happy National Children's Day to all the kids in Thailand!
- May this National Children's Day be a reminder to always listen, support, and encourage the children of Thailand.
- Happy National Children's Day! Let us take a moment to appreciate the amazing energy, creativity, and curiosity that children bring into our lives.
- On this special day, let us honor and celebrate the rights of every child in Thailand. Happy National Children's Day!
Popular Quotes about National Children’s Day in Thailand
- 'The true test of a nation's greatness lies in how it treats its weakest members.' - Mahatma Gandhi
- 'Children are the living messages we send to a time we will not see.' - John F. Kennedy
- 'Children are the hands by which we take hold of heaven.' - Henry Ward Beecher
- 'The soul is healed by being with children.' - Fyodor Dostoevsky
- 'Children are not things to be molded, but are people to be unfolded.' - Jess Lair
- 'Every child is a different kind of flower, and all together make this world a beautiful garden.' - Anonymous
- 'Children are the world's most valuable resource and its best hope for the future.' - John F. Kennedy
- 'Children are the keys of paradise.' - Eric Hoffer
- 'The greatest gifts you can give your children are the roots of responsibility and the wings of independence.' - Denis Waitley
- 'A child is a beam of sunlight from the Infinite and Eternal, with possibilities of virtue and vice, but as yet unstained.' - Lyman Abbott
FAQ
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What is National Children's Day?
National Children's Day is a holiday celebrated in Thailand on the second Saturday of January every year. It is a day dedicated to celebrating and honoring children. -
When is National Children's Day celebrated?
National Children's Day is celebrated on the second Saturday of January every year. -
Why is National Children's Day celebrated on the second Saturday of January?
National Children's Day is celebrated on the second Saturday of January because it falls during the school holidays, allowing children to fully participate in the celebrations. -
What are the origins of National Children's Day?
National Children's Day was first celebrated in Thailand in 1955, when the government declared it as a day to promote and celebrate the well-being of children. -
Is National Children's Day a public holiday in Thailand?
Yes, National Children's Day is a public holiday in Thailand. Government offices, schools, and many businesses are closed on this day. -
How do people celebrate National Children's Day in Thailand?
People celebrate National Children's Day by organizing various activities and events for children, such as parades, games, and performances. Parents also take their children out for fun activities and buy them gifts. -
Are there any traditional rituals or customs associated with National Children's Day?
No, there are no traditional rituals or customs associated with National Children's Day. It is simply a day to celebrate and honor children. -
What is the significance of National Children's Day in Thai culture?
In Thai culture, children are highly valued and respected. National Children's Day is a way to show appreciation for children and to promote their well-being and happiness. -
Are there any special foods or dishes associated with National Children's Day?
No, there are no specific foods or dishes associated with National Children's Day. However, families often prepare special meals and desserts for their children on this day. -
Can tourists participate in National Children's Day celebrations?
Yes, tourists are welcome to join in the National Children's Day celebrations. Many tourist attractions and hotels also organize special activities for children on this day. -
Is it appropriate to give gifts to children on National Children's Day?
Yes, it is common for parents and relatives to give gifts to children on National Children's Day as a way to show love and appreciation. -
What are some popular gifts for children on National Children's Day?
Popular gifts for children on National Children's Day include toys, books, clothes, and snacks. Some parents also give their children red envelopes filled with money as a symbol of good luck. -
Are there any special songs or music associated with National Children's Day?
Yes, there are many popular songs and music that are played during National Children's Day celebrations. Some of these songs are specifically written for the holiday, while others are traditional Thai children's songs. -
Can I find recipes for traditional Thai dishes online?
Yes, there are many websites and blogs that offer recipes for traditional Thai dishes. You can also find cookbooks dedicated to Thai cuisine in bookstores. -
Are there any traditional Thai dishes that are popular among children?
Yes, some popular Thai dishes among children include pad thai (stir-fried noodles), tom yum soup (spicy soup), and mango sticky rice (sweet dessert). -
What is the best way to travel to Thailand for National Children's Day?
The best way to travel to Thailand for National Children's Day is by booking a flight to one of the major international airports, such as Suvarnabhumi Airport in Bangkok or Phuket International Airport. -
Do I need a visa to enter Thailand for National Children's Day?
It depends on your nationality. Citizens of some countries are exempt from obtaining a visa for short-term visits. You can check with the Thai embassy or consulate in your country for more information. -
What is the weather like in Thailand during National Children's Day?
The weather in Thailand during National Children's Day is usually warm and sunny, with temperatures ranging from 25-30 degrees Celsius (77-86 degrees Fahrenheit). -
Are there any special discounts or promotions for tourists during National Children's Day?
Some tourist attractions and hotels may offer special discounts or promotions for families with children during National Children's Day. It is best to check with individual establishments for any deals. -
Is it safe to travel to Thailand during National Children's Day?
Yes, it is generally safe to travel to Thailand during National Children's Day. However, it is always recommended to exercise caution and be aware of your surroundings, especially in crowded areas. -
What are some popular tourist destinations in Thailand for National Children's Day?
Some popular tourist destinations in Thailand for National Children's Day include Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phuket, and Pattaya. These cities offer a variety of family-friendly activities and attractions. -
Are there any specific dress codes or cultural norms to be aware of when visiting Thailand for National Children's Day?
Thailand is a conservative country, so it is best to dress modestly when visiting temples or other religious sites. Additionally, it is considered polite to remove your shoes before entering someone's home. -
Is it appropriate to take photos during National Children's Day celebrations?
Yes, it is generally acceptable to take photos during National Children's Day celebrations. However, it is always best to ask for permission before taking photos of people, especially children. -
What are some cultural taboos to be aware of when visiting Thailand for National Children's Day?
Some cultural taboos to be aware of when visiting Thailand for National Children's Day include not touching someone's head (as it is considered sacred), not pointing your feet at people or sacred objects, and not disrespecting the royal family. -
Can I participate in traditional Thai activities during National Children's Day?
Yes, many tourist attractions and hotels offer opportunities for visitors to participate in traditional Thai activities, such as Thai cooking classes, Muay Thai (Thai boxing) lessons, and traditional dance performances. -
Is it necessary to learn any basic Thai phrases before traveling to Thailand for National Children's Day?
While English is widely spoken in tourist areas, learning a few basic Thai phrases can be helpful and show respect for the local culture. Some common phrases include "hello" (sawatdee), "thankyou" (khob khun), and "excuseme" (khor thot). -
What are some important safety tips to keep in mind when traveling with children in Thailand during National Children's Day?
Some important safety tips include keeping an eye on your children at all times, avoiding crowded areas, and carrying a copy of your child's identification documents with you. -
Are there any special events or festivals that coincide with National Children's Day in Thailand?
Yes, there are often other events and festivals happening in Thailand during National Children's Day, such as the Chiang Mai Flower Festival and the Phuket Old Town Festival. It is best to check local event calendars for more information. -
Can I volunteer with children in Thailand during National Children's Day?
Yes, there are many organizations and charities that offer volunteer opportunities with children in Thailand. However, it is important to research and choose a reputable organization before volunteering. -
Is it appropriate to give donations or gifts to children in need during National Children's Day?
Yes, it is common for people to donate gifts or money to children in need during National Children's Day as a way to spread happiness and kindness. -
What are some ways to teach children about Thai culture during National Children's Day?
Some ways to teach children about Thai culture during National Children's Day include visiting cultural sites and museums, trying traditional foods, and participating in cultural activities. -
Are there any special precautions to take when traveling with children in Thailand during National Children's Day?
Some special precautions include making sure your child has all necessary vaccinations, carrying a first aid kit, and being aware of any food allergies your child may have. -
Is it appropriate to tip service staff in Thailand during National Children's Day?
Tipping is not expected in Thailand, but it is appreciated for exceptional service. A small tip of 10-20 baht (about 30-60 cents USD) is usually sufficient. -
What is the currency used in Thailand?
The currency used in Thailand is the Thai baht (THB). It is recommended to exchange currency at banks or official exchange booths for the best rates. -
Are credit cards widely accepted in Thailand?
Credit cards are accepted in major tourist areas and establishments, but it is always a good idea to carry some cash for smaller purchases. -
Is it necessary to have travel insurance when visiting Thailand for National Children's Day?
While it is not required, it is highly recommended to have travel insurance when visiting Thailand. This can help cover any unexpected medical expenses or travel disruptions. -
What is the emergency number in Thailand?
The emergency number in Thailand is 191. It is also recommended to have the contact information for your country's embassy or consulate in case of any emergencies. -
Is it safe to drink tap water in Thailand?
No, it is not safe to drink tap water in Thailand. It is best to stick to bottled water or boiled/filtered water. -
Are there any cultural differences to be aware of when interacting with Thai people during National Children's Day?
Some cultural differences include avoiding public displays of affection, speaking softly and politely, and not raising your voice or showing anger in public. -
What are some popular souvenirs to buy in Thailand for National Children's Day?
Some popular souvenirs include Thai silk products, handicrafts, and traditional clothing. You can also find a variety of toys and games that are unique to Thai culture. -
Is it appropriate to haggle when shopping in Thailand during National Children's Day?
Yes, haggling is a common practice in markets and small shops in Thailand. However, it is important to do so respectfully and with a smile. -
What are some cultural etiquettes to keep in mind when visiting temples during National Children's Day?
Some cultural etiquettes include dressing modestly, removing your shoes before entering the temple, and being respectful of sacred objects and rituals. -
Can I visit other countries in Southeast Asia during National Children's Day?
Yes, it is possible to visit other countries in Southeast Asia during National Children's Day. However, it is important to check visa requirements and plan accordingly. -
Is it necessary to learn about the local customs and traditions before visiting Thailand for National Children's Day?
While it is not necessary, learning about the local customs and traditions can enhance your experience and show respect for the culture. -
What are some ways to support sustainable tourism in Thailand during National Children's Day?
Some ways to support sustainable tourism include choosing eco-friendly accommodations, supporting local businesses, and being mindful of your environmental impact. -
Are there any specific safety precautions to take when traveling to Thailand with children during National Children's Day?
Some safety precautions include making sure your child has proper identification, avoiding street food and tap water, and being aware of any potential scams targeting tourists. -
What are some fun activities for children to do in Thailand during National Children's Day?
Some fun activities include visiting amusement parks, playing at indoor playgrounds, and taking part in cultural activities like Thai dance classes or cooking classes. -
Is it appropriate to dress up in traditional Thai clothing during National Children's Day?
Yes, it is perfectly acceptable to dress up in traditional Thai clothing during National Children's Day. In fact, many tourist attractions offer opportunities for visitors to try on traditional costumes for photos.